Prigel Andaniza Azhar: Maret 2016

READ MORE...

In grammar, a pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a nutshell, it’s because pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and more.

Without pronouns, we’d have to keep on repeating nouns, and that would make our speech and writing repetitive, not to mention cumbersome. Most pronouns are very short words. Examples include:

He
She
They
It
We
Who

As mentioned, pronouns are usually used to replace nouns, however they can also stand in for certain adverbs, adjectives, and other pronouns. Anytime you want to talk about a person, animal, place or thing, you can use pronouns to make your speech or writing flow better.

Types of Pronouns

Pronouns can be divided into numerous categories including:

Indefinite pronouns – those referring to one or more unspecified objects, beings, or places
Personal pronouns – those associated with a certain person, thing, or group; all except you have distinct forms that indicate singular or plural number
Reflexive pronouns – those preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun to which they refer, and ending in –self or –selves
Demonstrative pronouns – those used to point to something specific within a sentence
Possessive pronouns – those designating possession or ownership
Relative pronouns – those which refer to nouns mentioned previously, acting to introduce an adjective (relative) clause
Interrogative pronouns – those which introduce a question
Reciprocal pronouns – those expressing mutual actions or relationship; i.e. one another
Intensive pronouns – those ending in –self or –selves and that serve to emphasize their antecedents

Pronoun Rules

There are a few important rules for using pronouns. As you read through these rules and the examples in the next section, notice how the pronoun rules are followed. Soon you’ll see that pronouns are easy to work with.

Subject pronouns may be used to begin sentences. For example: We did a great job.
Subject pronouns may also be used to rename the subject. For example: It was she who decided we should go to Hawaii.
Indefinite pronouns don’t have antecedents. They are capable of standing on their own. For example: No one likes the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard.
Object pronouns are used as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. These include: you, me, him, her, us, them, and it. For example: David talked to her about the mistake.
Possessive pronouns show ownership. They do not need apostrophes. For example: The cat washed its whiskers.

Examples of Pronouns

In the following examples, the pronouns are italicized.

We are going on vacation.
Don’t tell me that you can’t go with us.
Anybody who says it won’t be fun has no clue what they are talking about.
These are terribly steep stairs.
We ran into each other at the mall.
I’m not sure which is worse: rain or snow.
It is one of the nicest Italian restaurants in town.
Richard stared at himself in the mirror.
The laundry isn’t going to do itself.
Someone spilled orange juice all over the countertop!

sumber :http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/pronouns-2/

READ MORE...

PENGERTIAN HUKUM EKONOMI, SUBYEK HUKUM DAN OBJEK HUKUM

Pengertian hukum ekonomi menurut para pakar

Pengertian Hukum Ekonomi menurut pendapat Sunaryati Hartono adalah keseluruhan kaidah-kaidah dan putusan-putusan hukum yang secara khusus mengatur kegiatan dan kehidupan ekonomi di Indonesia.

Menurut Soedarto, Pengertian Hukum Ekonomi ialah keseluruhan peraturan, khususnya yang telah dibuat oleh pemerintah atau badan pemerintah, baik itu secara langsung maupun tidak langsung bertujuan untuk mempengaruhi perbandingan ekonomi di pasar-pasar, yang terwujud dalam perundangan perekonomian. Dalam perundangan itu diatur kehidupan ekonomi dari negara termasuk rakyatnya.

Rochmat Soemitro mengungkapkan bahwa Pengertian Hukum Ekonomi merupakan sebagian dari keseluruhan norma yang dibuat oleh pemerintah atau penguasa sebagai satu personifikasi dari masyarakat yang mengatur kehidupan kepentingan ekonomi masyarakat yang saling berhadapan.

Dari pengertian hukum ekonomi yang disampaikan para pakar diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Pengertian Hukum Ekonomi adalah keseluruhan kaidah hukum yang mengatur dan mempengaruhi segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan dan kehidupan perekonomian nasional negara, baik kaidah hukum yang bersifat privat maupun publik, tertulis dan tidak tertulis, yang mengatur kegiatan dan kehidupan perekonomian nasional negara.

Subyek hukum : ialah pemegang hak dan kewajiban menurut hukum. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, yang menjadi subyek hukum dalam sistem hukum Indonesia, yang sudah barang tentu berdasar dari sistem hukum Belanda, ialah individu (orang) dan badan hukum (perusahaan, organisasi, institusi).

Dalam dunia hukum, subyek hukum dapat diartikan sebagai pembawa hak, yakni manusia dan badan hukum.

1. Manusia (naturlife persoon) Menurut hukum, tiap-tiap seorang manusia sudah menjadi subyek hukum secara kodrati atau secara alami. Anak-anak serta balita pun sudah dianggap sebagai subyek hukum. Manusia dianggap sebagai hak mulai ia dilahirkan sampai dengan ia meninggal dunia. Bahkan bayi yang masih berada dalam kandungan pun bisa dianggap sebagai subyek hukum bila terdapat urusan atau kepentingan yang menghendakinya. Namun,

ada beberapa golongan yang oleh hukum dipandang sebagai subyek hukum yang "tidak cakap" hukum. Maka dalam melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan hukum mereka harus diwakili atau dibantu oleh orang lain. seperti:

1. Anak yang masih dibawah umur, belum dewasa, atau belum menikah.

2. Orang yang berada dalam pengampunan yaitu orang yang sakit ingatan, pemabuk, pemboros.

3. Badan Hukum (recht persoon)

Badan hukum adalah suatu badan yang terdiri dari kumpulan orang yang diberi status "persoon" oleh hukum sehingga mempunyai hak dan kewajiban. Badan hukum dapat menjalankan perbuatan hukum sebagai pembawa hak manusia. Seperti melakukan perjanjian, mempunyai kekayaan yang terlepas dari para anggotanya dan sebagainya. Perbedaan badan hukum dengan manusia sebagai pembawa hak adalah badan hukum tidak dapat melakukan perkawinan, tidak dapat diberi hukuman penjara, tetapi badan hukum dimungkinkan dapat dibubarkan.

Objek Hukum : Objek hukum menurut pasal 499 KUH Perdata, yakni benda. Benda adalah segala sesuatu yang berguna bagi subyek hukum atau segala sesuatu yang menjadi pokok permasalahan dan kepentingan bagi para subyek hukum atau segala sesuatu yang dapat menjadi obyek hak milik.

Jenis Objek Hukum

Kemudian berdasarkan pasal 503-504 KUH Perdata disebutkan bahwa benda dapat dibagi menjadi 2, yakni benda yang bersifat kebendaan (Materiekegoderen), dan benda yang bersifat tidak kebendaan (Immateriekegoderan).

Benda yang bersifat kebendaan (Materiekegoderen)

Benda yang bersifat kebendaan (Materiekegoderen) adalah suatu benda yang sifatnya dapat dilihat, diraba, dirasakan dengan panca indera, terdiri dari benda berubah / berwujud, meliputi :

Benda bergerak / tidak tetap, berupa benda yang dapat dihabiskan dan benda yang tidak dapat dihabiskan.

Dibedakan menjadi sebagai berikut :

Benda bergerak karena sifatnya, menurut pasal 509 KUH Perdata adalah benda yang dapat dipindahkan, misalnya meja, kursi, dan yang dapat berpindah sendiri contohnya ternak.

Benda bergerak karena ketentuan undang-undang, menurut pasal 511 KUH Perdata adalah hak-hak atas benda bergerak, misalnya hak memungut hasil (Uruchtgebruik) atas benda-benda bergerak, hak pakai (Gebruik) atas benda bergerak, dan saham-saham perseroan terbatas.

Benda tidak bergerak

Benda tidak bergerak dapat dibedakan menjadi sebagai berikut :

Benda tidak bergerak karena sifatnya, yakni tanah dan segala sesuatu yang melekat diatasnya, misalnya pohon, tumbuh-tumbuhan, area, dan patung.
Benda tidak bergerak karena tujuannya yakni mesin alat-alat yang dipakai dalam pabrik. Mesin senebar benda bergerak, tetapi yang oleh pemakainya dihubungkan atau dikaitkan pada bergerak yang merupakan benda pokok.
Benda tidak bergerak karena ketentuan undang-undang, ini berwujud hak-hak atas benda-benda yang tidak bergerak misalnya hak memungut hasil atas benda yang tidak dapat bergerak, hak pakai atas benda tidak bergerak dan hipotik.

Dengan demikian, membedakan benda bergerak dan tidak bergerak ini penting, artinya karena berhubungan dengan 4 hal yakni :

Pemilikan (Bezit)

Pemilikan (Bezit) yakni dalam hal benda bergerak berlaku azas yang tercantum dalam pasal 1977 KUH Perdata, yaitu berzitter dari barang bergerak adalah pemilik (eigenaar) dari barang tersebut. Sedangkan untuk barang tidak bergerak tidak demikian halnya.

Penyerahan (Levering)

Penyerahan (Levering) yakni terhadap benda bergerak dapat dilakukan penyerahan secara nyata (hand by hand) atau dari tangan ke tangan, sedangkan untuk benda tidak bergerak dilakukan balik nama.

Daluwarsa (Verjaring)

Daluwarsa (Verjaring) yakni untuk benda-benda bergerak tidak mengenal daluwarsa, sebab bezit di sini sama dengan pemilikan (eigendom) atas benda bergerak tersebut sedangkan untuk benda-benda tidak bergerak mengenal adanya daluwarsa.

Pembebanan (Bezwaring)

Pembebanan (Bezwaring) yakni tehadap benda bergerak dilakukan pand (gadai, fidusia) sedangkan untuk benda tidak bergerak dengan hipotik adalah hak tanggungan untuk tanah serta benda-benda selain tanah digunakan fidusia.

Benda yang bersifat tidak kebendaan (Immateriekegoderen)

Benda yang bersifat tidak kebendaan (Immateriegoderen) adalah suatu benda yang dirasakan oleh panca indera saja (tidak dapat dilihat) dan kemudian dapat direalisasikan menjadi suatu kenyataan, contohnya merk perusahaan, paten, dan ciptaan musik / lagu.

sumber:

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subyek_hukum

https://galuhwardhani.wordpress.com/2010/03/08/makalah-bab-ii-materi-subyek-dan-obyek-hukum/

http://www.pengertianpakar.com/2014/11/pengertian-hukum-ekonomi-menurut-para.html

READ MORE...

subject verb complement and modifier

SUBJECT

Definition: The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun or noun phrase that precedes and governs the main verb. The subject is the part of the sentence that performs an action or which is associated with the action.

For example:
* He is a really nice guy.
* "He" is the subject of the sentence, controlling the verb and the complement.
* My dog attacked the burglar.
* "My dog" is the subject, controlling the verb and the rest of the sentence.
* David plays the piano
* The subject "David" performs the action of "playing the piano".
* The police interviewed all the witnesses.
* The subject the police performs the action of interviewing all the witnesses.

To determine the subject of a sentence, first isolate the verb and then make a question by placing "who?" or "what?" before it. Having identified the Subject, we can see that the remainder of the sentence tells us what the Subject does or did. We refer to this string as the "predicate" of the sentence.

For example:
* Who plays the piano?
=> "David" ( = Subject)
=> "plays the piano" ( = predicate) tells us what David does.
* Who interviewed all the witnesses?
=> "The police" (= Subject)
=> "interviewed all the witnesses" ( = predicate) tell us what the police did.

Subjects can either be "simple", "compound" or "complex"

Simple Subject
Composed of a single pronoun, noun or noun phrase.

Complex Subject
A complex subject consists of a noun phrase and any words, phrases, or clauses that modify it.

For example:
* The man who had followed us inside walked over to the telephone.
=> central noun: man
=> complex subject: the man who had followed us inside
* The superior performance of La Traviata pleased the wealthy audience.
=> central noun: performance
=> complex subject: the superior performance of La Traviata

Compound Subject
A compound subject consists of two or more noun phrases (and their modifiers if any) joined together with a coordinating conjunction.

For example:
* The man and the woman walked over to the telephone.
=> The compound subject here is the whole phrase, "the man and the woman."
* Neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission pleased the wealthy audience.
=> Again, the whole phrase, "neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission," is the subject. The phrase answers the question, "What pleased the wealthy audience?"

VERBS

Definition: Verbs are a class of words used to show the performance of an action (do, throw, run), existence (be), possession (have), or state (know, love) of a subject. To put it simply a verb shows what something or someone does.

For example:
* Paul rides a bicycle.
* Here, the verb rides certainly denotes an action which Paul performs - the action of riding a bicycle.
* We buy some books to learn English verbs.
* In this example, the action word is "to buy". It tells us that the subject "we", that is the person who performs the action of the verb is "buying some books".

The verb tense shows the time of the action or state. Aspect shows whether the action or state is completed or not. Voice is used to show relationships between the action and the people affected by it. Mood shows the attitude of the speaker about the verb, whether it is a declaration or an order. Verbs can be affected by person and number to show agreement with the subject.

Most statements in speech and writing have a main verb. These verbs are expressed in "tenses" which place everything in a point in time.

Verbs are conjugated (inflected) to reflect how they are used. There are two general areas in which conjugation occurs; for person and for tense.

Conjugation for tense
Conjugation for tense is carried out on all verbs. All conjugations start with the infinitive form of the verb.
The infinitive is simply the to form of the verb For example, to begin.
The present participle form (the -ing form), is formed by adding ing to the bare infinitive. For example, to begin - beginning.
There are two other forms that the verb can take, depending on the tense type and time, the simple past form and the past participle.

The form of the verb or its tense can tell when events take place.
For example, the verb kiss:

Present Simple: kiss/kisses
Past Simple: kissed
Future Simple: will kiss
Present Perfect: has/have kissed
Past Perfect: had kissed
Future Perfect: will have kissed
Present Continuous (Progressive): is/am/are kissing
Past Continuous (Progressive): was kissing
Future Continuous (Progressive): will be kissing
Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive): has/have been kissing
Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive): had been kissing
Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive): will have been kissing

Conjugation for person
Conjugation for person occurs when the verb changes form, depending on whether it is governed by a first, second, or third person subject. This gives three conjugations for any verb depending on who is acting as the subject of the verb. For example: we have I begin, you begin , and he begins. Note that only the third conjunction really shows a difference.

In English, we distinguish between regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs are those ones which form their past simple and past participle just by adding "-ed" to the base of the verb. The rest are irregular.

For example:

* Dracula bites his victims on the neck.
* In early October, Giselle will plant twenty tulip bulbs.
* She travels to work by train.
* We walked five miles to a garage.

COMPLEMENT

Complement can often be confused with the Object. While the Subject and Object of a clause, in the vast majority of cases, refer to different entities, the Complement gives more information about either the Subject or the Object. As with the Subject and Object elements, there is only one grouping or phrase which is considered to be the Complement of a clause.

The Subject Complement

Let's begin by looking at some pairs of sentences where this information centres on the Subject.

Bill hit Harry.
Bill is a policeman.
The camel carried the load.
The camel smells awful.
A car hit the lamp post.
A car was what she wanted for her birthday.

So, in the preceding examples the first sentence of each pair contains an Object - Harry, the load, the lamp post. These are clearly not the same entities as the Subjects of the sentences. However, the same cannot be said for the second sentence of each pair where there is a strong connection between the Subjects and the phrases a policeman, awful and what she wanted for her birthday. These phrases act to identify the Subject more precisely. These are known as Complements; more specifically they are subject complements because they define the Subjects of the clauses, in this case Bill, the camel and a car.

In most sentences where the Complement defines the Subject, you will find a particular type of verb being used. The most usual is the verb be and its forms (e.g. am, are, was, have been) followed by a noun phrase or an adjective phrase, often as a single word. In the instances above, a policeman is a noun phrase and awful is an adjective phrase. Other examples are:

Noun phrase as Subject Complement:

Love is a drug.
This is her pen.
He is the father of three.
Time is the great healer.
Those animals were very rare Siberian tigers.
The Earth is 150 million kilometres from the Sun.

Adjective phrase as Subject Complement:

The weather is hot.
All the passengers were Russian.
The little cottage was nice and cosy.
Her teeth were pearly white.
The argument became more heated.
The weather gradually got hotter and hotter.

In all of these cases, the phrases after is, was and were define the Subject. You should notice that, although two of the Complements in the first set of examples contain adjectives (great, very rare Siberian), these are still treated as noun phrases because the main words in the groups are themselves nouns (healer, tigers).

Earlier I commented that a particular type of verb is often used in clauses with a subject Complement and that verb is usually be. However, there is a small number of other verbs either closely connected with be or to do with sensing that frequently occur in this type of clause. A short list with examples might include:

Be type: seem, appear, become, turn out, grow, remain

The sky seems clearer today.
He turned out to be a bad influence.
His client became more and more angry.

Sense type: look, sound, feel, taste, smell (all followed by like with a noun)

Her voice sounds lovely.
That sounds like heaven.
The tea tastes foul.

There is still one type of subject Complement that we haven't looked at yet - this is the subordinate clause. The example from the original sentences is:

A car was what she wanted for her birthday.

Here a car is the Subject, the Verb is was and the Complement defining the Subject is what she wanted for her birthday, which is a clause since it has its own Subject (she) and Verb (wanted). Other examples of clauses used as subject Complements are:

Justice is what we're looking for.
The first thing I did was open all the windows.
The remaining problem is where to find the money.
Our only option is to run away.

The Object Complement

In all the instances in the previous section the Complement gave additional information about the Subject of the clause. Additional information can similarly be given about the Object. Look at the examples below:

Everyone thought him an idiot.
The accusation made me livid.
The whole town wanted the outlaw dead.
The board has made him manager.
I find it difficult to believe.

Here, the phrases in bold are giving extra information about the Objects of the clauses which are him, me, the outlaw, him, it. The object Complement usually follows the Object of the clause as in all the examples above and the choice of verb is not so restricted as it is with the subject Complement clauses.

MODIFIER

Tells the time, place or manner of the action. Very often it's a prepositional phrase. Prepotional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.

Note : A modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.

Example of prepositional phrases :
In the morning, at university, on the table
A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase :
Last night, hurriedly, next year, outdoors, yesterday

Example :

John bought a book at the bookstore
(modifier place)
Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday
(modifier of place)(modifier of time)

Note:
The modifier normally follows the complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it's a prepositional phrase, usually can't separate the verb and the complement.

Example : She drove the car on the street
(verb) (complement)

Exercise

Identify the subject, verb, complement, and modifier in each of the following sentence.

1. Henry and Marcia have visited the president
2. We eat lunch in this restaurant today
3. Pat should have bought gasoline yesterday
4. Trees grows
5. It was raining at seven o'clock this morning
6. She buy pineaple in the market
7. They were watching tv a few minutes ago

*Answer*

1. Henry and Marcia/ have visited/ the president
(subject) (verb phrase) (complement)
2. We /eat/ lunch /in this restaurant /today
(subject) (verb phrase) (complement) (modifier of place)(modifier of time)
3. Pat /should have bought /gasoline /yesterday
(subject) (verb phrase) (complement) (modifier of time)
4. Trees /grows
(subject) (verb phrase)
5. It/ was raining /at seven o'clock this morning
(subject) (verb phrase) (modifier of time)
6. She /buy /pineaple /in the market
(subject) (verb phrase) (complement) (modifier of place)
7. They /were watching /tv /a few minutes ago
(subject) (verb phrase) (complement) (modifier of time)

Sumber:

http://yebeblog.blogspot.com/2009/12/subject-verb-complement-modifier.html

http://aldithogerardy.blogspot.com/2014/06/subject-verb-complement-modifier.html
http://nurazmilubis.blogspot.co.id/2015/04/subject-verb-complement-and-modifier.html

READ MORE...